{ "schema_version": 1, "dataset": "home-energy/space-heater-vs-central-heat", "title": "Space heater vs central heat: cost to run by state", "page_url": "https://infohelper.net/home-energy/space-heater-vs-central-heat", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "cite": "Cite the page: https://infohelper.net/home-energy/space-heater-vs-central-heat", "license_note": "The computed tables are ours, under CC BY 4.0. The underlying EIA and ENERGY STAR data are works of the US government.", "generated_at": "2026-10-22T13:38:07Z", "data_changed_at": "2026-10-22", "content_hash": "sha256:f7100baf0c8486aafaf104183d4f93a5403701efceb48c32c801596b21d8a810", "changes": [ { "date": "2026-10-22", "text": "Figures recalculated from updated source data." }, { "date": "2026-10-22", "text": "First published with prices for the 12 months to Jul 2026." } ], "run": { "suspicious": false, "forced": false, "findings": [] }, "sources": [ { "id": "eia-bulk-elec", "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration", "name": "EIA bulk file ELEC: electricity (Forms EIA-861M / EIA-861)", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulk/ELEC.zip", "page_url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/", "last_updated": "2026-09-23T17:01:12-04:00", "fetched_at": "2026-10-13T22:45:58Z", "used_for": "residential electricity revenue, sales and price by state, monthly" }, { "id": "eia-bulk-ng", "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration", "name": "EIA bulk file NG: natural gas (Forms EIA-857 / EIA-176)", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulk/NG.zip", "page_url": "https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_a_EPG0_PRS_DMcf_m.htm", "last_updated": "2026-10-21T17:51:02-04:00", "fetched_at": "2026-10-22T13:04:04Z", "used_for": "residential natural gas price and consumption by state, monthly and annual; heat content; number of residential consumers" }, { "id": "eia-bulk-pet", "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration", "name": "EIA bulk file PET: petroleum (weekly heating oil and propane prices)", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulk/PET.zip", "page_url": "https://www.eia.gov/petroleum/heatingoilpropane/", "last_updated": "2026-10-21T17:51:02-04:00", "fetched_at": "2026-10-22T13:04:07Z", "used_for": "residential propane and heating oil price by state, weekly, October–March" }, { "id": "energy-star-i97v-e8au", "publisher": "ENERGY STAR (U.S. EPA)", "name": "ENERGY STAR Certified Furnaces", "url": "https://data.energystar.gov/d/i97v-e8au", "page_url": "https://data.energystar.gov/d/i97v-e8au", "last_updated": "2026-10-22", "fetched_at": "2026-10-22T13:38:17Z", "used_for": "efficiency of the certified models" }, { "id": "energy-star-w7cv-9xjt", "publisher": "ENERGY STAR (U.S. EPA)", "name": "ENERGY STAR Certified Air-Source Heat Pumps", "url": "https://data.energystar.gov/d/w7cv-9xjt", "page_url": "https://data.energystar.gov/d/w7cv-9xjt", "last_updated": "2026-10-21", "fetched_at": "2026-10-22T13:38:26Z", "used_for": "rated seasonal efficiency (HSPF2), efficiency and heating capacity at 5 °F and 17 °F of the certified heat pumps, as counts of the certified combinations sharing each rating" }, { "id": "eia-recs-2020", "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration", "name": "Residential Energy Consumption Survey 2020, table CE5.4.ST", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2020/state/xls/ce5.4.st.xlsx", "page_url": "https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2020/index.php?view=state", "last_updated": "2023-06", "fetched_at": "2026-10-22T13:38:41Z", "used_for": "the gas, propane and heating oil an average household burns for space heating, by state" } ], "formula_version": "space-heater/1", "prices_formula_version": "home-energy-prices/1", "heat_pump_formula_version": "heat-pump/1", "period": { "label": "12 months to Jul 2026", "electricity": { "start": "2025-08", "end": "2026-07", "label": "12 months to Jul 2026" }, "gas": { "start": "2025-08", "end": "2026-07", "label": "12 months to Jul 2026" }, "gas_regression": { "start": "2023-08", "end": "2026-07", "label": "36 months to Jul 2026" }, "winter": { "start": "2025-11", "end": "2026-03", "label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026" }, "heating_season": { "start": "2025-10", "end": "2026-03", "label": "Oct 2025–Mar 2026" }, "winter_days": 151, "month_days": 30 }, "scenarios": { "watts": [ 1500, 750 ], "hours": [ 8, 24 ], "default": "w15h8", "month_days": 30, "winter_days": 151, "blanket_watts": [ 50, 100, 200 ], "blanket_hours": 8, "status": "scenario", "note": "The wattages, hours and days are the choices the page offers the reader, not measurements of heaters." }, "assumptions": { "prices": "Electricity: last winter's state average (the last complete November–March in the EIA series), revenue ÷ sales, as on the heat pump vs gas furnace page.", "heater": "A plug-in electric heater draws its rated watts while it runs and turns every kWh into 3,412 Btu of heat, whatever its type (resistance heat, efficiency 1.00). A thermostat that switches it off part of the time lowers every figure in proportion.", "month": "A month is 30 days; a winter is every day of the last complete November–March.", "central": "Central heat is the heat pump vs gas furnace page's average home of EIA RECS 2020 for each fuel: the gas-, propane- or oil-heated household's yearly fuel for space heating, taken as heat at an 80% furnace and priced on a new furnace at last winter's prices (propane and oil: the heating-season average). An electric furnace or baseboard and a heat pump are priced for the gas-heated home's heat.", "heaters_for_the_same_money": "Central heat for the whole home ÷ one 1,500 W heater run 8 hours a day every day of the winter: how many rooms could be heated that way for the same money." }, "methods": { "hour": "Cost an hour = watts ÷ 1,000 × ¢ a kWh ÷ 100.", "day": "Cost a day = cost an hour × hours a day.", "month": "Cost a month = cost a day × 30.", "winter": "Cost a winter = cost a day × 151 (the days of Nov 2025–Mar 2026).", "central": "Central heat for a winter = the heat pump page's average_home..furnace_usd; electric furnace = the gas home's heat (million Btu) × 293.07 kWh × ¢ ÷ 100; heat pump = that page's range for the gas home.", "ratios": "Heaters for the same money = central ÷ one heater's winter; share = one heater's winter ÷ gas central heat; heat cost vs a gas furnace = (¢ ÷ 100 × 1e6 ÷ 3,412) ÷ ($/therm × 10 ÷ AFUE). Stored to six decimals from unrounded inputs, rounded once on the page." }, "machines": { "heat_pump": { "label": "Heat pump, ducted, ENERGY STAR certified", "basis": "energy_star_median", "selection": "product_type = \"HP - Split System\", every certified combination", "hspf2": 8.5, "seasonal_cop": 2.49, "cop_at_5f": 2.04, "capacity_17f_pct": 72.0, "capacity_5f_pct": 70.0, "models": 266346, "cop_at_5f_models": 265671, "cop_at_5f_left_out": 8, "status": "verified" }, "gas_furnace": { "label": "Gas furnace, ENERGY STAR certified", "basis": "energy_star_median", "selection": "fuel_type contains \"Natural Gas\"", "afue": 0.96, "afue_min": 0.95, "afue_max": 0.99, "models": 3704, "status": "verified" }, "propane_furnace": { "label": "Propane furnace, ENERGY STAR certified", "basis": "energy_star_median", "selection": "fuel_type contains \"Propane\"", "afue": 0.96, "afue_min": 0.95, "afue_max": 0.99, "models": 3496, "status": "verified" }, "oil_furnace": { "label": "Oil furnace, ENERGY STAR certified", "basis": "energy_star_median", "selection": "fuel_type = \"Oil\"", "afue": 0.87, "afue_min": 0.87, "afue_max": 0.87, "models": 29, "status": "verified" }, "electric_furnace": { "label": "Electric furnace or baseboard", "basis": "physical_limit", "selection": "Resistance heat: every kWh becomes 3,412 Btu of heat", "cop": 1.0, "status": "verified" } }, "average_home_basis": { "survey": "EIA RECS 2020", "table": "CE5.4.ST Detailed household natural gas, propane, and fuel oil or kerosene end-use consumption in the United States by state—averages, 2020", "released": "2023-06", "furnace_afue_assumed": 0.8, "status": "assumed" }, "energy_star": { "w7cv-9xjt": { "dataset": "w7cv-9xjt", "name": "ENERGY STAR Certified Air-Source Heat Pumps", "rows": 285139, "rows_updated_at": "2026-10-21", "fetched_at": "2026-10-22T13:38:26Z", "from_cache": false }, "i97v-e8au": { "dataset": "i97v-e8au", "name": "ENERGY STAR Certified Furnaces", "rows": 3733, "rows_updated_at": "2026-10-22", "fetched_at": "2026-10-22T13:38:17Z", "from_cache": false } }, "constants": [ { "key": "btu_per_kwh", "value": 3412.0, "unit": "Btu/kWh", "source": "10 CFR 430 Subpart B Appendix D2, eCFR as of 2026-09-01, section 4.4", "source_url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/api/versioner/v1/full/2026-09-01/title-10.xml?part=430&appendix=Appendix%20D2%20to%20Subpart%20B%20of%20Part%20430", "checked_on": "2026-10-13", "status": "verified", "note": "" }, { "key": "btu_per_therm", "value": 100000.0, "unit": "Btu/therm", "source": "EIA, Units and calculators", "source_url": "https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/units-and-calculators/", "checked_on": "2026-10-13", "status": "verified", "note": "" }, { "key": "btu_per_gallon_propane", "value": 91452.0, "unit": "Btu/gal", "source": "EIA, Units and calculators", "source_url": "https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/units-and-calculators/", "checked_on": "2026-10-13", "status": "verified", "note": "" }, { "key": "btu_per_gallon_heating_oil", "value": 138500.0, "unit": "Btu/gal", "source": "EIA, Units and calculators", "source_url": "https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/units-and-calculators/", "checked_on": "2026-10-13", "status": "verified", "note": "" }, { "key": "heating.resistance_efficiency", "value": 1.0, "unit": "COP", "source": "Physical bound: electric resistance (an electric furnace, baseboard or backup strips) turns each kWh into 3,412 Btu of heat and no more", "source_url": "https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/units-and-calculators/", "checked_on": "2026-10-20", "status": "verified", "note": "The 78% \"AFUE\" of 10 CFR 430.32(e)(1)(ii)(G) for electric furnaces is a legacy test figure for jacket losses, not the heat a resistance element gives the house; it is not used." }, { "key": "heating.recs_furnace_afue_assumed", "value": 0.8, "unit": "AFUE", "source": "Model choice: the furnaces behind EIA RECS 2020 gas use are taken at 80%, today's federal minimum", "source_url": "https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2020/index.php?view=state", "checked_on": "2026-10-20", "status": "assumed", "note": "RECS reports the gas burned, not the heat delivered. Homes with a 90%-plus furnace need about 15% more heat than this assumes, older ones less; the page says so beside the figures." } ], "not_included": { "thermostat": "How often a heater's own thermostat switches it off: it depends on the room and the weather; the figures are for a heater that runs the whole time.", "room": "The heat a room loses, and so whether a heater of a given wattage keeps it warm.", "prices": "Purchase prices of heaters or furnaces: no open dataset publishes them.", "tariffs": "Time-of-use and tiered electricity rates." }, "us": { "code": "US", "name": "United States", "slug": "united-states", "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 17.99, "gas_usd_per_therm": 1.5754, "gas_estimated_usd_per_therm": 1.1242, "winter": { "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 17.7, "electricity_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "days": 151 }, "heater": { "w15h8": { "watts": 1500, "hours": 8, "kwh_day": 12.0, "kwh_month": 360.0, "usd_hour": 0.2655, "usd_day": 2.124, "usd_month": 63.72, "usd_winter": 320.724 }, "w15h24": { "watts": 1500, "hours": 24, "kwh_day": 36.0, "kwh_month": 1080.0, "usd_hour": 0.2655, "usd_day": 6.372, "usd_month": 191.16, "usd_winter": 962.172 }, "w7h8": { "watts": 750, "hours": 8, "kwh_day": 6.0, "kwh_month": 180.0, "usd_hour": 0.13275, "usd_day": 1.062, "usd_month": 31.86, "usd_winter": 160.362 }, "w7h24": { "watts": 750, "hours": 24, "kwh_day": 18.0, "kwh_month": 540.0, "usd_hour": 0.13275, "usd_day": 3.186, "usd_month": 95.58, "usd_winter": 481.086 } }, "blanket": { "w50": { "watts": 50, "hours": 8, "usd_night": 0.0708, "usd_month": 2.124 }, "w100": { "watts": 100, "hours": 8, "usd_night": 0.1416, "usd_month": 4.248 }, "w200": { "watts": 200, "hours": 8, "usd_night": 0.2832, "usd_month": 8.496 } }, "central": { "heat_mmbtu": 35.918, "gas_therms_a_year": 449.0, "propane_gallons_a_year": 390.3, "oil_gallons_a_year": 422.4, "gas_usd_per_therm": 1.4115, "gas_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "gas_basis": "last_winter", "propane_usd_per_gallon": 2.553, "heating_oil_usd_per_gallon": 4.011, "home": { "gas_furnace": "gas", "propane_furnace": "propane", "oil_furnace": "oil", "electric_furnace": "gas", "heat_pump_rated": "gas", "heat_pump_at_5f": "gas" }, "usd": { "gas_furnace": 528.04, "propane_furnace": 830.49, "oil_furnace": 1557.87, "electric_furnace": 1863.27, "heat_pump_rated": 748.36, "heat_pump_at_5f": 913.32 } }, "heaters_for_the_same_money": { "gas_furnace": 1.6464, "propane_furnace": 2.589423, "oil_furnace": 4.857354, "electric_furnace": 5.809575, "heat_pump_rated": 2.333346, "heat_pump_at_5f": 2.847682 }, "gas_home_in_heaters": { "w15h8": 1.6464, "w15h24": 0.5488, "w7h8": 3.2928, "w7h24": 1.0976 }, "heater_share_of_gas_home": 0.607386, "heat_cost_vs_gas_furnace": 3.528211, "price_band": null }, "states": { "AL": { "code": "AL", "name": "Alabama", "slug": "alabama", "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 16.44, "gas_usd_per_therm": 1.7851, "gas_estimated_usd_per_therm": 1.5207, "winter": { "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 16.25, "electricity_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "days": 151 }, "heater": { "w15h8": { "watts": 1500, "hours": 8, "kwh_day": 12.0, "kwh_month": 360.0, "usd_hour": 0.24375, "usd_day": 1.95, "usd_month": 58.5, "usd_winter": 294.45 }, "w15h24": { "watts": 1500, "hours": 24, "kwh_day": 36.0, "kwh_month": 1080.0, "usd_hour": 0.24375, "usd_day": 5.85, "usd_month": 175.5, "usd_winter": 883.35 }, "w7h8": { "watts": 750, "hours": 8, "kwh_day": 6.0, "kwh_month": 180.0, "usd_hour": 0.121875, "usd_day": 0.975, "usd_month": 29.25, "usd_winter": 147.225 }, "w7h24": { "watts": 750, "hours": 24, "kwh_day": 18.0, "kwh_month": 540.0, "usd_hour": 0.121875, "usd_day": 2.925, "usd_month": 87.75, "usd_winter": 441.675 } }, "blanket": { "w50": { "watts": 50, "hours": 8, "usd_night": 0.065, "usd_month": 1.95 }, "w100": { "watts": 100, "hours": 8, "usd_night": 0.13, "usd_month": 3.9 }, "w200": { "watts": 200, "hours": 8, "usd_night": 0.26, "usd_month": 7.8 } }, "central": { "heat_mmbtu": 22.873, "gas_therms_a_year": 285.9, "propane_gallons_a_year": 156.4, "oil_gallons_a_year": null, "gas_usd_per_therm": 1.6457, "gas_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "gas_basis": "last_winter", "propane_usd_per_gallon": 3.462, "heating_oil_usd_per_gallon": null, "home": { "gas_furnace": "gas", "propane_furnace": "propane", "oil_furnace": "oil", "electric_furnace": "gas", "heat_pump_rated": "gas", "heat_pump_at_5f": "gas" }, "usd": { "gas_furnace": 392.17, "propane_furnace": 451.1, "oil_furnace": null, "electric_furnace": 1089.35, "heat_pump_rated": 437.45, "heat_pump_at_5f": 533.98 } }, "heaters_for_the_same_money": { "gas_furnace": 1.331873, "propane_furnace": 1.532009, "oil_furnace": null, "electric_furnace": 3.699609, "heat_pump_rated": 1.485651, "heat_pump_at_5f": 1.813483 }, "gas_home_in_heaters": { "w15h8": 1.331873, "w15h24": 0.443958, "w7h8": 2.663746, "w7h24": 0.887915 }, "heater_share_of_gas_home": 0.750822, "heat_cost_vs_gas_furnace": 2.778209, "price_band": 2 }, "AK": { "code": "AK", "name": "Alaska", "slug": "alaska", "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 26.85, "gas_usd_per_therm": 1.3759, "gas_estimated_usd_per_therm": 1.0753, "winter": { "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 26.02, "electricity_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "days": 151 }, "heater": { "w15h8": { "watts": 1500, "hours": 8, "kwh_day": 12.0, "kwh_month": 360.0, "usd_hour": 0.3903, "usd_day": 3.1224, "usd_month": 93.672, "usd_winter": 471.4824 }, "w15h24": { "watts": 1500, "hours": 24, "kwh_day": 36.0, "kwh_month": 1080.0, "usd_hour": 0.3903, "usd_day": 9.3672, "usd_month": 281.016, "usd_winter": 1414.4472 }, "w7h8": { "watts": 750, "hours": 8, "kwh_day": 6.0, "kwh_month": 180.0, "usd_hour": 0.19515, "usd_day": 1.5612, "usd_month": 46.836, "usd_winter": 235.7412 }, "w7h24": { "watts": 750, "hours": 24, "kwh_day": 18.0, "kwh_month": 540.0, "usd_hour": 0.19515, "usd_day": 4.6836, "usd_month": 140.508, "usd_winter": 707.2236 } }, "blanket": { "w50": { "watts": 50, "hours": 8, "usd_night": 0.10408, "usd_month": 3.1224 }, "w100": { "watts": 100, "hours": 8, "usd_night": 0.20816, "usd_month": 6.2448 }, "w200": { "watts": 200, "hours": 8, "usd_night": 0.41632, "usd_month": 12.4896 } }, "central": { "heat_mmbtu": 75.601, "gas_therms_a_year": 945.0, "propane_gallons_a_year": null, "oil_gallons_a_year": null, "gas_usd_per_therm": 1.3103, "gas_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "gas_basis": "last_winter", "propane_usd_per_gallon": null, "heating_oil_usd_per_gallon": null, "home": { "gas_furnace": "gas", "propane_furnace": "propane", "oil_furnace": "oil", "electric_furnace": "gas", "heat_pump_rated": "gas", "heat_pump_at_5f": "gas" }, "usd": { "gas_furnace": 1031.86, "propane_furnace": null, "oil_furnace": null, "electric_furnace": 5765.35, "heat_pump_rated": 2315.52, "heat_pump_at_5f": 2826.03 } }, "heaters_for_the_same_money": { "gas_furnace": 2.188544, "propane_furnace": null, "oil_furnace": null, "electric_furnace": 12.228134, "heat_pump_rated": 4.911148, "heat_pump_at_5f": 5.993925 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"hours": 24, "kwh_day": 18.0, "kwh_month": 540.0, "usd_hour": 0.11745, "usd_day": 2.8188, "usd_month": 84.564, "usd_winter": 425.6388 } }, "blanket": { "w50": { "watts": 50, "hours": 8, "usd_night": 0.06264, "usd_month": 1.8792 }, "w100": { "watts": 100, "hours": 8, "usd_night": 0.12528, "usd_month": 3.7584 }, "w200": { "watts": 200, "hours": 8, "usd_night": 0.25056, "usd_month": 7.5168 } }, "central": { "heat_mmbtu": 12.85, "gas_therms_a_year": 160.6, "propane_gallons_a_year": null, "oil_gallons_a_year": null, "gas_usd_per_therm": 1.7827, "gas_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "gas_basis": "last_winter", "propane_usd_per_gallon": null, "heating_oil_usd_per_gallon": null, "home": { "gas_furnace": "gas", "propane_furnace": "propane", "oil_furnace": "oil", "electric_furnace": "gas", "heat_pump_rated": "gas", "heat_pump_at_5f": "gas" }, "usd": { "gas_furnace": 238.7, "propane_furnace": null, "oil_furnace": null, "electric_furnace": 589.77, "heat_pump_rated": 236.78, "heat_pump_at_5f": 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