{ "schema_version": 1, "dataset": "home-energy/heat-pump-vs-gas-furnace", "title": "Heat pump vs gas furnace: running cost and break-even by state", "page_url": "https://infohelper.net/home-energy/heat-pump-vs-gas-furnace", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "cite": "Cite the page: https://infohelper.net/home-energy/heat-pump-vs-gas-furnace", "license_note": "The computed tables are ours, under CC BY 4.0. The underlying EIA and ENERGY STAR data are works of the US government.", "generated_at": "2026-10-20T15:10:20Z", "data_changed_at": "2026-10-20", "content_hash": "sha256:ab55c023b8c65379152305b1d6c0f30118a390360f637dcf6e1737984023fcfa", "changes": [ { "date": "2026-10-20", "text": "First published with prices for the 12 months to Jul 2026." } ], "run": { "suspicious": false, "forced": false, "findings": [] }, "sources": [ { "id": "eia-bulk-elec", "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration", "name": "EIA bulk file ELEC: electricity (Forms EIA-861M / EIA-861)", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulk/ELEC.zip", "page_url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/", "last_updated": "2026-09-23T17:01:12-04:00", "fetched_at": "2026-10-13T22:45:58Z", "used_for": "residential electricity revenue, sales and price by state, monthly" }, { "id": "eia-bulk-ng", "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration", "name": "EIA bulk file NG: natural gas (Forms EIA-857 / EIA-176)", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulk/NG.zip", "page_url": "https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_a_EPG0_PRS_DMcf_m.htm", "last_updated": "2026-10-15T18:43:40-04:00", "fetched_at": "2026-10-20T15:10:23Z", "used_for": "residential natural gas price and consumption by state, monthly and annual; heat content; number of residential consumers" }, { "id": "eia-bulk-pet", "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration", "name": "EIA bulk file PET: petroleum (weekly heating oil and propane prices)", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/opendata/bulk/PET.zip", "page_url": "https://www.eia.gov/petroleum/heatingoilpropane/", "last_updated": "2026-10-15T18:43:40-04:00", "fetched_at": "2026-10-20T15:10:24Z", "used_for": "residential propane and heating oil price by state, weekly, October–March" }, { "id": "energy-star-i97v-e8au", "publisher": "ENERGY STAR (U.S. EPA)", "name": "ENERGY STAR Certified Furnaces", "url": "https://data.energystar.gov/d/i97v-e8au", "page_url": "https://data.energystar.gov/d/i97v-e8au", "last_updated": "2026-10-20", "fetched_at": "2026-10-20T15:10:36Z", "used_for": "efficiency of the certified models" }, { "id": "energy-star-w7cv-9xjt", "publisher": "ENERGY STAR (U.S. EPA)", "name": "ENERGY STAR Certified Air-Source Heat Pumps", "url": "https://data.energystar.gov/d/w7cv-9xjt", "page_url": "https://data.energystar.gov/d/w7cv-9xjt", "last_updated": "2026-10-19", "fetched_at": "2026-10-20T15:10:49Z", "used_for": "rated seasonal efficiency (HSPF2), efficiency and heating capacity at 5 °F and 17 °F of the certified heat pumps, as counts of the certified combinations sharing each rating" }, { "id": "noaa-cpc-degree-days", "publisher": "NOAA Climate Prediction Center", "name": "Population-weighted daily heating degree days, states (StatesCONUS.Heating.txt)", "url": "https://ftp.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/htdocs/degree_days/weighted/daily_data/2026/StatesCONUS.Heating.txt", "page_url": "https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/cdus/degree_days/", "last_updated": "2026-10-18", "fetched_at": "2026-10-20T15:11:03Z", "used_for": "how cold each state's winters are: degree days and the share of them on days below 17 °F and 5 °F" }, { "id": "eia-recs-2020", "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration", "name": "Residential Energy Consumption Survey 2020, table CE5.4.ST", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2020/state/xls/ce5.4.st.xlsx", "page_url": "https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2020/index.php?view=state", "last_updated": "2023-06", "fetched_at": "2026-10-20T15:11:04Z", "used_for": "the gas, propane and heating oil an average household burns for space heating, by state" } ], "formula_version": "heat-pump/1", "prices_formula_version": "home-energy-prices/1", "period": { "label": "12 months to Jul 2026", "electricity": { "start": "2025-08", "end": "2026-07", "label": "12 months to Jul 2026" }, "gas": { "start": "2025-08", "end": "2026-07", "label": "12 months to Jul 2026" }, "gas_regression": { "start": "2023-08", "end": "2026-07", "label": "36 months to Jul 2026" }, "winter": { "start": "2025-11", "end": "2026-03", "label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026" }, "heating_season": { "start": "2025-10", "end": "2026-03", "label": "Oct 2025–Mar 2026" }, "climate": { "start": "2016-07", "end": "2026-06", "label": "10 winters, Jul 2016–Jun 2026", "seasons": 10 } }, "assumptions": { "prices": "Last winter's prices (the last complete November–March in both EIA series), because a furnace runs in winter: electricity revenue ÷ sales and gas the volume-weighted average, monthly charges included. A state with a withheld gas month in that winter uses the most recent complete winter before it, and its row says which. Propane and heating oil: the mean of EIA's weekly prices over the heating season (October–March).", "gas_price": "The headline compares a heat pump with a gas furnace at the winter average, monthly charges included: a heat pump can let a home close its gas account, and then the charge goes too. A home that keeps gas for a water heater, a stove or as dual fuel pays the charge either way; for it the page uses our estimate of what one more therm costs (state-prices.json gas_estimated, 36 months), or the winter average where no estimate holds (gas_per_therm.basis = winter_average_fallback).", "heat_pump": "A typical new ducted heat pump: the median of the ENERGY STAR certified split-system combinations. Its cost is a band between two certified efficiencies: the rated seasonal one (HSPF2 ÷ 3.412) and the one at 5 °F. No single annual dollar figure is given for a heat pump.", "furnaces": "A new gas, propane or oil furnace: the median AFUE of the ENERGY STAR certified furnaces burning that fuel. The basic gas furnace: 80%, the federal minimum until 2028-12-18. An electric furnace or baseboard: 100%, all its electricity becomes heat.", "calls": "Against each furnace a state is \"heat_pump\" when the break-even efficiency, to one decimal, is at or below the typical heat pump's efficiency at 5 °F, \"same\" when it is at or below the rated seasonal efficiency, and \"furnace\" above that.", "average_home": "The average household that heats with the fuel, EIA RECS 2020: its yearly fuel for space heating, turned into heat at an assumed 80% furnace efficiency, then priced on a new furnace and on a typical heat pump at last winter's prices. A survey average of 2020, not the reader's home.", "climate": "NOAA's population-weighted daily heating degree days of the 48 contiguous states over the last 10 complete July–June seasons. A day \"below 17 °F\" averaged under 17 °F (more than 48 degree days); the shares are of all the degree days of the 10 seasons. Alaska, Hawaii and DC have no state series.", "no_prices": "No purchase or installation price is used: no open source publishes one. The page gives payback as a grid of years for the reader's own quotes." }, "methods": { "heat_cost": "Cost of a million Btu of heat: gas furnace = $/therm × 10 ÷ AFUE; propane = $/gallon × (1,000,000 ÷ 91,452) ÷ AFUE; heating oil = $/gallon × (1,000,000 ÷ 138,500) ÷ AFUE; electricity = ¢/kWh ÷ 100 × (1,000,000 ÷ 3,412) ÷ COP, with COP 1 for an electric furnace.", "break_even": "Break-even COP = the electricity cost of a million Btu at COP 1 ÷ the furnace's cost of a million Btu of heat. For gas: (¢/kWh × 29.307 × AFUE) ÷ ($/therm × 100), 29.307 being 100,000 ÷ 3,412.", "per_100": "What a heat pump spends for the heat a furnace makes for $100 = 100 × break-even ÷ the heat pump's COP, once at its rated seasonal COP and once at its COP at 5 °F.", "seasonal_cop": "Rated seasonal COP = HSPF2 ÷ 3.412 (HSPF2 is Btu of heat per Wh of electricity over the federal test's heating season for one reference climate).", "medians": "ENERGY STAR lists heat pumps as certified outdoor–indoor combinations, not models; the medians are over the combinations (grouped counts from the dataset, so every listed combination counts once).", "us": "The US row uses the US row of state-prices.json (EIA national series) and the US average of RECS; it has no climate figures (NOAA publishes none for the country)." }, "machines": { "heat_pump": { "label": "Heat pump, ducted, ENERGY STAR certified", "basis": "energy_star_median", "selection": "product_type = \"HP - Split System\", every certified combination", "hspf2": 8.5, "seasonal_cop": 2.49, "cop_at_5f": 2.04, "capacity_17f_pct": 72.0, "capacity_5f_pct": 70.0, "models": 266360, "cop_at_5f_models": 265685, "cop_at_5f_left_out": 8, "status": "verified" }, "heat_pump_standard": { "label": "Heat pump, ducted, not cold-climate", "basis": "energy_star_median", "selection": "product_type = \"HP - Split System\", cold_climate = \"No\"", "hspf2": 8.0, "seasonal_cop": 2.34, "cop_at_5f": 2.1, "capacity_17f_pct": 65.0, "capacity_5f_pct": 52.0, "models": 133965, "cop_at_5f_models": 133293, "cop_at_5f_left_out": 7, "status": "verified" }, "heat_pump_cold_climate": { "label": "Heat pump, ducted, cold-climate", "basis": "energy_star_median", "selection": "product_type = \"HP - Split System\", cold_climate = \"Yes\"", "hspf2": 8.7, "seasonal_cop": 2.55, "cop_at_5f": 2.0, "capacity_17f_pct": 83.0, "capacity_5f_pct": 77.0, "models": 132393, "cop_at_5f_models": 132392, "cop_at_5f_left_out": 1, "status": "verified" }, "heat_pump_ductless": { "label": "Heat pump, ductless (mini or multi split)", "basis": "energy_star_median", "selection": "product_type = \"HP - Mini or Multi Split\", every certified combination", "hspf2": 10.0, "seasonal_cop": 2.93, "cop_at_5f": 2.0, "capacity_17f_pct": 80.0, "capacity_5f_pct": 84.0, "models": 17839, "cop_at_5f_models": 17712, "cop_at_5f_left_out": 0, "status": "verified" }, "heat_pump_minimum": { "label": "Heat pump, ducted, the federal minimum", "basis": "federal_minimum", "selection": "HSPF2 7.5, split-system heat pumps made from 2023-01-01", "hspf2": 7.5, "seasonal_cop": 2.2, "status": "verified" }, "gas_furnace": { "label": "Gas furnace, ENERGY STAR certified", "basis": "energy_star_median", "selection": "fuel_type contains \"Natural Gas\"", "afue": 0.96, "afue_min": 0.95, "afue_max": 0.99, "models": 3704, "status": "verified" }, "gas_furnace_basic": { "label": "Gas furnace, the basic model", "basis": "federal_minimum", "selection": "Federal minimum AFUE of a non-weatherized gas furnace made before 2028-12-18", "afue": 0.8, "status": "verified" }, "gas_furnace_2028": { "label": "Gas furnace, the federal minimum from 2028-12-18", "basis": "federal_minimum", "selection": "10 CFR 430.32(e)(1)(iii)(A)", "afue": 0.95, "applies_from": "2028-12-18", "status": "verified" }, "propane_furnace": { "label": "Propane furnace, ENERGY STAR certified", "basis": "energy_star_median", "selection": "fuel_type contains \"Propane\"", "afue": 0.96, "afue_min": 0.95, "afue_max": 0.99, "models": 3496, "status": "verified" }, "oil_furnace": { "label": "Oil furnace, ENERGY STAR certified", "basis": "energy_star_median", "selection": "fuel_type = \"Oil\"", "afue": 0.87, "afue_min": 0.87, "afue_max": 0.87, "models": 29, "status": "verified" }, "electric_furnace": { "label": "Electric furnace or baseboard", "basis": "physical_limit", "selection": "Resistance heat: every kWh becomes 3,412 Btu of heat", "cop": 1.0, "status": "verified" } }, "cop_bands": { "low": 2.04, "high": 2.49 }, "field_study": { "cop_mean": 2.5, "cop_min": 1.7, "cop_max": 3.5, "sites": 13, "aux_loss_pct": 30.0, "source": "Winkler and Ramaraj, Field Validation of Air-Source Heat Pumps for Cold Climates, NREL/TP-5500-84745 (May 2023), OSTI 1973090: \"The average seasonal compressor-based heating COP across all twelve sites averaged 2.5\"", "source_url": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1973090", "checked_on": "2026-10-20", "status": "cited" }, "average_home_basis": { "survey": "EIA RECS 2020", "table": "CE5.4.ST Detailed household natural gas, propane, and fuel oil or kerosene end-use consumption in the United States by state—averages, 2020", "released": "2023-06", "furnace_afue_assumed": 0.8, "status": "assumed" }, "energy_star": { "w7cv-9xjt": { "dataset": "w7cv-9xjt", "name": "ENERGY STAR Certified Air-Source Heat Pumps", "rows": 285054, "rows_updated_at": "2026-10-19", "fetched_at": "2026-10-20T15:10:49Z", "from_cache": false }, "i97v-e8au": { "dataset": "i97v-e8au", "name": "ENERGY STAR Certified Furnaces", "rows": 3733, "rows_updated_at": "2026-10-20", "fetched_at": "2026-10-20T15:10:36Z", "from_cache": false } }, "constants": [ { "key": "btu_per_kwh", "value": 3412.0, "unit": "Btu/kWh", "source": "10 CFR 430 Subpart B Appendix D2, eCFR as of 2026-09-01, section 4.4", "source_url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/api/versioner/v1/full/2026-09-01/title-10.xml?part=430&appendix=Appendix%20D2%20to%20Subpart%20B%20of%20Part%20430", "checked_on": "2026-10-13", "status": "verified", "note": "" }, { "key": "btu_per_therm", "value": 100000.0, "unit": "Btu/therm", "source": "EIA, Units and calculators", "source_url": "https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/units-and-calculators/", "checked_on": "2026-10-13", "status": "verified", "note": "" }, { "key": "btu_per_gallon_propane", "value": 91452.0, "unit": "Btu/gal", "source": "EIA, Units and calculators", "source_url": "https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/units-and-calculators/", "checked_on": "2026-10-13", "status": "verified", "note": "" }, { "key": "btu_per_gallon_heating_oil", "value": 138500.0, "unit": "Btu/gal", "source": "EIA, Units and calculators", "source_url": "https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/units-and-calculators/", "checked_on": "2026-10-13", "status": "verified", "note": "" }, { "key": "heating.gas_furnace_afue_min", "value": 0.8, "unit": "AFUE", "source": "10 CFR 430.32, eCFR as of 2026-10-08 (e)(1)(ii)(A): non-weatherized gas furnaces made from 2015-11-19 and before 2028-12-18, 80.0%", "source_url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-10/chapter-II/subchapter-D/part-430/subpart-C/section-430.32", "checked_on": "2026-10-20", "status": "verified", "note": "The basic, non-condensing furnace still sold until the end of 2028, and the floor of most furnaces in homes today." }, { "key": "heating.gas_furnace_afue_min_from_2028", "value": 0.95, "unit": "AFUE", "source": "10 CFR 430.32, eCFR as of 2026-10-08 (e)(1)(iii)(A): non-weatherized gas furnaces made on and after 2028-12-18, 95.0%", "source_url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-10/chapter-II/subchapter-D/part-430/subpart-C/section-430.32", "checked_on": "2026-10-20", "status": "verified", "note": "In the eCFR as of 2026-10-08; a rule can be amended before it applies." }, { "key": "heating.heat_pump_hspf2_min", "value": 7.5, "unit": "HSPF2", "source": "10 CFR 430.32, eCFR as of 2026-10-08 (c)(5)(ii): split-system heat pumps made on or after 2023-01-01, HSPF2 7.5", "source_url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-10/chapter-II/subchapter-D/part-430/subpart-C/section-430.32", "checked_on": "2026-10-20", "status": "verified", "note": "The least a new ducted split heat pump may be rated at: 7.5 ÷ 3.412 = 2.2 units of heat per unit of electricity over the rating season." }, { "key": "heating.resistance_efficiency", "value": 1.0, "unit": "COP", "source": "Physical bound: electric resistance (an electric furnace, baseboard or backup strips) turns each kWh into 3,412 Btu of heat and no more", "source_url": "https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/units-and-calculators/", "checked_on": "2026-10-20", "status": "verified", "note": "The 78% \"AFUE\" of 10 CFR 430.32(e)(1)(ii)(G) for electric furnaces is a legacy test figure for jacket losses, not the heat a resistance element gives the house; it is not used." }, { "key": "heating.cold_f", "value": 17.0, "unit": "°F", "source": "ENERGY STAR Certified Air-Source Heat Pumps (w7cv-9xjt): the certified heating capacity is listed at 47, 17 and 5 °F (field heating_capacity_at_17_f_btu_h)", "source_url": "https://data.energystar.gov/Active-Specifications/ENERGY-STAR-Certified-Air-Source-Heat-Pumps/w7cv-9xjt", "checked_on": "2026-10-20", "status": "verified", "note": "A day counts as \"below 17 °F\" when its population-weighted mean temperature is under 17 °F, that is NOAA's daily heating degree days above 48." }, { "key": "heating.very_cold_f", "value": 5.0, "unit": "°F", "source": "ENERGY STAR Certified Air-Source Heat Pumps (w7cv-9xjt): the coldest point with a certified efficiency and capacity (fields cop_at_5_f, heating_capacity_at_5_f_btu_h)", "source_url": "https://data.energystar.gov/Active-Specifications/ENERGY-STAR-Certified-Air-Source-Heat-Pumps/w7cv-9xjt", "checked_on": "2026-10-20", "status": "verified", "note": "Daily heating degree days above 60." }, { "key": "heating.recs_furnace_afue_assumed", "value": 0.8, "unit": "AFUE", "source": "Model choice: the furnaces behind EIA RECS 2020 gas use are taken at 80%, today's federal minimum", "source_url": "https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2020/index.php?view=state", "checked_on": "2026-10-20", "status": "assumed", "note": "RECS reports the gas burned, not the heat delivered. Homes with a 90%-plus furnace need about 15% more heat than this assumes, older ones less; the page says so beside the figures." }, { "key": "heating.field_cop_mean", "value": 2.5, "unit": "COP", "source": "Winkler and Ramaraj, Field Validation of Air-Source Heat Pumps for Cold Climates, NREL/TP-5500-84745 (May 2023), OSTI 1973090: \"The average seasonal compressor-based heating COP across all twelve sites averaged 2.5\"", "source_url": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1973090", "checked_on": "2026-10-20", "status": "verified", "note": "Cited, not computed. 13 ducted variable-speed heat pumps, winter 2021–22, twelve in Washington and Montana, one near Denver; dry climates, compressor only (backup heat lowers it). Read 2026-10-13 in the PDF on docs.nlr.gov, which answered 404 on 2026-10-20; the OSTI record answers 200." }, { "key": "heating.field_cop_min", "value": 1.7, "unit": "COP", "source": "Same report: \"ranging from 1.7 (Site 6) to 3.5 (Site 8)\"", "source_url": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1973090", "checked_on": "2026-10-20", "status": "verified", "note": "Cited, not computed." }, { "key": "heating.field_cop_max", "value": 3.5, "unit": "COP", "source": "Same report: \"ranging from 1.7 (Site 6) to 3.5 (Site 8)\"", "source_url": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1973090", "checked_on": "2026-10-20", "status": "verified", "note": "Cited, not computed." }, { "key": "heating.field_sites", "value": 13.0, "unit": "homes", "source": "Same report: \"We monitored 13 central heat pump systems for this study. Twelve of the sites were in the northwestern United States (Washington and Montana) and one site was located close to NREL in Colorado.\"", "source_url": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1973090", "checked_on": "2026-10-20", "status": "verified", "note": "Cited, not computed." }, { "key": "heating.field_aux_loss_pct", "value": 30.0, "unit": "%", "source": "Same report: \"at Sites 2 and 8, the auxiliary heat lowered the overall system COP by more than 30%\"", "source_url": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1973090", "checked_on": "2026-10-20", "status": "verified", "note": "Cited, not computed." } ], "unverified": [ { "what": "heating.recs_furnace_afue_assumed", "status": "assumed", "note": "RECS reports the gas burned, not the heat delivered. Homes with a 90%-plus furnace need about 15% more heat than this assumes, older ones less; the page says so beside the figures." }, { "what": "rated seasonal efficiency", "status": "rated", "note": "HSPF2 is measured in a laboratory for one reference climate; a home in a colder state sees less, a home in a milder one more." }, { "what": "medians over certified combinations", "status": "computed", "note": "A model sold with many indoor units counts many times." }, { "what": "propane furnace efficiency", "status": "computed", "note": "The median of the certified furnaces that list propane; most list natural gas and propane together." }, { "what": "electricity price", "status": "assumed", "note": "The state average includes fixed monthly charges; what one more kWh costs is not measured." }, { "what": "field study figures", "status": "cited", "note": "NREL's measured seasonal COP (2.5, from 1.7 to 3.5) is quoted from the report, not computed, and not refreshed." } ], "not_included": { "prices": "Purchase and installation prices of heat pumps, furnaces and air conditioners: no open dataset publishes them.", "cop_curve": "Efficiency at every outdoor temperature: ENERGY STAR publishes it at 5 °F only, besides the seasonal rating; NEEP's per-temperature list is a paid subscription whose terms forbid reuse.", "fixed_charges": "The gas monthly charge by utility, time-of-use and tiered electricity rates: not in open state data.", "house": "The home's heat loss, ducts and insulation: they set the amount of heat, which the per-$100 figures do not need and the average-home figures take from the survey." }, "us": { "code": "US", "name": "United States", "slug": "united-states", "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 17.99, "gas_usd_per_therm": 1.5754, "gas_estimated_usd_per_therm": 1.1242, "gas_basis": "trailing_12_months", "gas_period_label": "12 months to Jul 2026", "winter": { "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 17.7, "electricity_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "gas_usd_per_therm": 1.4115, "gas_period_start": "2025-11", "gas_period_end": "2026-03", "gas_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "gas_basis": "last_winter", "gas_withheld_months": [] }, "gas_per_therm": { "usd_per_therm": 1.1242, "basis": "estimated_per_therm" }, "propane_usd_per_gallon": 2.553, "heating_oil_usd_per_gallon": 4.011, "usd_per_mmbtu_heat": { "gas_furnace": 14.7, "gas_furnace_basic": 17.64, "gas_per_therm": 11.71, "propane_furnace": 29.08, "oil_furnace": 33.29, "heat_pump_rated": 20.83, "heat_pump_at_5f": 25.43, "electric_furnace": 51.88 }, "break_even_cop": { "gas_furnace": 3.528, "gas_furnace_basic": 2.94, "gas_per_therm": 4.43, "propane_furnace": 1.784, "oil_furnace": 1.558 }, "call": { "gas_furnace": "furnace", "gas_furnace_basic": "furnace", "gas_per_therm": "furnace", "propane_furnace": "heat_pump", "oil_furnace": "heat_pump" }, "heat_pump_per_100_usd": { "gas_furnace": { "rated": 141.7, "at_5f": 172.9 }, "gas_furnace_basic": { "rated": 118.1, "at_5f": 144.1 }, "gas_per_therm": { "rated": 177.9, "at_5f": 217.2 }, "propane_furnace": { "rated": 71.6, "at_5f": 87.5 }, "oil_furnace": { "rated": 62.6, "at_5f": 76.4 }, "electric_furnace": { "rated": 40.2, "at_5f": 49.0 } }, "climate": null, "average_home": { "gas": { "fuel_mmbtu": 44.897, "fuel_therms": 449.0, "heat_mmbtu": 35.918, "current_usd": 633.76, "furnace_fuel_therms": 374.1, "furnace_usd": 528.04, "heat_pump_kwh": { "rated": 4228.0, "at_5f": 5160.0 }, "heat_pump_usd": { "rated": 748.36, "at_5f": 913.32 } }, "propane": { "fuel_mmbtu": 35.698, "fuel_gallons": 390.3, "heat_mmbtu": 28.558, "current_usd": 996.44, "furnace_fuel_gallons": 325.3, "furnace_usd": 830.49, "heat_pump_kwh": { "rated": 3361.0, "at_5f": 4103.0 }, "heat_pump_usd": { "rated": 594.9, "at_5f": 726.23 } }, "oil": { "fuel_mmbtu": 58.503, "fuel_gallons": 422.4, "heat_mmbtu": 46.802, "current_usd": 1694.25, "furnace_fuel_gallons": 388.4, "furnace_usd": 1557.87, "heat_pump_kwh": { "rated": 5509.0, "at_5f": 6724.0 }, "heat_pump_usd": { "rated": 975.09, "at_5f": 1190.15 } } } }, "states": { "AL": { "code": "AL", "name": "Alabama", "slug": "alabama", "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 16.44, "gas_usd_per_therm": 1.7851, "gas_estimated_usd_per_therm": 1.5207, "gas_basis": "trailing_12_months", "gas_period_label": "12 months to Jul 2026", "winter": { "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 16.25, "electricity_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "gas_usd_per_therm": 1.6457, "gas_period_start": "2025-11", "gas_period_end": "2026-03", "gas_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "gas_basis": "last_winter", "gas_withheld_months": [] }, "gas_per_therm": { "usd_per_therm": 1.5207, "basis": "estimated_per_therm" }, "propane_usd_per_gallon": 3.462, "heating_oil_usd_per_gallon": null, "usd_per_mmbtu_heat": { "gas_furnace": 17.14, "gas_furnace_basic": 20.57, "gas_per_therm": 15.84, "propane_furnace": 39.43, "oil_furnace": null, "heat_pump_rated": 19.13, "heat_pump_at_5f": 23.35, "electric_furnace": 47.63 }, "break_even_cop": { "gas_furnace": 2.778, "gas_furnace_basic": 2.315, "gas_per_therm": 3.007, "propane_furnace": 1.208, "oil_furnace": null }, "call": { "gas_furnace": "furnace", "gas_furnace_basic": "same", "gas_per_therm": "furnace", "propane_furnace": "heat_pump", "oil_furnace": null }, "heat_pump_per_100_usd": { "gas_furnace": { "rated": 111.6, "at_5f": 136.2 }, "gas_furnace_basic": { "rated": 93.0, "at_5f": 113.5 }, "gas_per_therm": { "rated": 120.8, "at_5f": 147.4 }, "propane_furnace": { "rated": 48.5, "at_5f": 59.2 }, "oil_furnace": null, "electric_furnace": { "rated": 40.2, "at_5f": 49.0 } }, "climate": { "hdd": 2255.0, "share_below_cold_pct": 0.0, "share_below_very_cold_pct": 0.0, "days_below_very_cold": 0.0, "coldest_day_f": 19, "seasons": 10 }, "average_home": { "gas": { "fuel_mmbtu": 28.591, "fuel_therms": 285.9, "heat_mmbtu": 22.873, "current_usd": 470.51, "furnace_fuel_therms": 238.3, "furnace_usd": 392.17, "heat_pump_kwh": { "rated": 2692.0, "at_5f": 3286.0 }, "heat_pump_usd": { "rated": 437.45, "at_5f": 533.98 } }, "propane": { "fuel_mmbtu": 14.301, "fuel_gallons": 156.4, "heat_mmbtu": 11.441, "current_usd": 541.46, "furnace_fuel_gallons": 130.3, "furnace_usd": 451.1, "heat_pump_kwh": { "rated": 1347.0, "at_5f": 1644.0 }, "heat_pump_usd": { "rated": 218.89, "at_5f": 267.15 } }, "oil": null } }, "AK": { "code": "AK", "name": "Alaska", "slug": "alaska", "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 26.85, "gas_usd_per_therm": 1.3759, "gas_estimated_usd_per_therm": 1.0753, "gas_basis": "trailing_12_months", "gas_period_label": "12 months to Jul 2026", "winter": { "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 26.02, "electricity_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "gas_usd_per_therm": 1.3103, "gas_period_start": "2025-11", "gas_period_end": "2026-03", "gas_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "gas_basis": "last_winter", "gas_withheld_months": [] }, "gas_per_therm": { "usd_per_therm": 1.0753, "basis": "estimated_per_therm" }, "propane_usd_per_gallon": null, "heating_oil_usd_per_gallon": null, "usd_per_mmbtu_heat": { "gas_furnace": 13.65, "gas_furnace_basic": 16.38, "gas_per_therm": 11.2, "propane_furnace": null, "oil_furnace": null, "heat_pump_rated": 30.63, "heat_pump_at_5f": 37.38, "electric_furnace": 76.26 }, "break_even_cop": { "gas_furnace": 5.587, "gas_furnace_basic": 4.656, "gas_per_therm": 6.808, "propane_furnace": null, "oil_furnace": null }, "call": { "gas_furnace": "furnace", "gas_furnace_basic": "furnace", "gas_per_therm": "furnace", "propane_furnace": null, "oil_furnace": null }, "heat_pump_per_100_usd": { "gas_furnace": { "rated": 224.4, "at_5f": 273.9 }, "gas_furnace_basic": { "rated": 187.0, "at_5f": 228.2 }, "gas_per_therm": { "rated": 273.4, "at_5f": 333.7 }, "propane_furnace": null, "oil_furnace": null, "electric_furnace": { "rated": 40.2, "at_5f": 49.0 } }, "climate": null, "average_home": { "gas": { "fuel_mmbtu": 94.501, "fuel_therms": 945.0, "heat_mmbtu": 75.601, "current_usd": 1238.23, "furnace_fuel_therms": 787.5, "furnace_usd": 1031.86, "heat_pump_kwh": { "rated": 8899.0, "at_5f": 10861.0 }, "heat_pump_usd": { "rated": 2315.52, "at_5f": 2826.03 } }, "propane": null, "oil": null } }, "AZ": { "code": "AZ", "name": "Arizona", "slug": "arizona", "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 15.4, "gas_usd_per_therm": 1.9765, "gas_estimated_usd_per_therm": 1.4409, "gas_basis": "trailing_12_months", "gas_period_label": "12 months to Jul 2026", "winter": { "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 15.66, "electricity_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "gas_usd_per_therm": 1.7827, "gas_period_start": "2025-11", "gas_period_end": "2026-03", "gas_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "gas_basis": "last_winter", "gas_withheld_months": [] }, "gas_per_therm": { "usd_per_therm": 1.4409, "basis": "estimated_per_therm" }, "propane_usd_per_gallon": null, "heating_oil_usd_per_gallon": null, "usd_per_mmbtu_heat": { "gas_furnace": 18.57, "gas_furnace_basic": 22.28, "gas_per_therm": 15.01, "propane_furnace": null, "oil_furnace": null, "heat_pump_rated": 18.43, "heat_pump_at_5f": 22.5, "electric_furnace": 45.9 }, "break_even_cop": { "gas_furnace": 2.472, "gas_furnace_basic": 2.06, "gas_per_therm": 3.058, "propane_furnace": null, "oil_furnace": null }, "call": { "gas_furnace": "same", "gas_furnace_basic": "same", "gas_per_therm": "furnace", "propane_furnace": null, "oil_furnace": null }, "heat_pump_per_100_usd": { "gas_furnace": { "rated": 99.3, "at_5f": 121.2 }, "gas_furnace_basic": { "rated": 82.7, "at_5f": 101.0 }, "gas_per_therm": { "rated": 122.8, "at_5f": 149.9 }, "propane_furnace": null, "oil_furnace": null, "electric_furnace": { "rated": 40.2, "at_5f": 49.0 } }, "climate": { "hdd": 2030.0, "share_below_cold_pct": 0.0, "share_below_very_cold_pct": 0.0, "days_below_very_cold": 0.0, "coldest_day_f": 35, "seasons": 10 }, "average_home": { "gas": { "fuel_mmbtu": 16.062, "fuel_therms": 160.6, "heat_mmbtu": 12.85, "current_usd": 286.3, "furnace_fuel_therms": 133.9, "furnace_usd": 238.7, "heat_pump_kwh": { "rated": 1512.0, "at_5f": 1846.0 }, "heat_pump_usd": { "rated": 236.78, "at_5f": 289.08 } }, "propane": null, "oil": null } }, "AR": { "code": "AR", "name": "Arkansas", "slug": "arkansas", "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 13.43, "gas_usd_per_therm": 2.2084, "gas_estimated_usd_per_therm": null, "gas_basis": "trailing_12_months", "gas_period_label": "12 months to Jul 2026", "winter": { "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 12.77, "electricity_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "gas_usd_per_therm": 2.0004, "gas_period_start": "2025-11", "gas_period_end": "2026-03", "gas_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "gas_basis": "last_winter", "gas_withheld_months": [] }, "gas_per_therm": { "usd_per_therm": 2.0004, "basis": "winter_average_fallback" }, "propane_usd_per_gallon": 2.342, "heating_oil_usd_per_gallon": null, "usd_per_mmbtu_heat": { "gas_furnace": 20.84, "gas_furnace_basic": 25.0, "gas_per_therm": 20.84, "propane_furnace": 26.68, "oil_furnace": null, "heat_pump_rated": 15.03, "heat_pump_at_5f": 18.35, "electric_furnace": 37.43 }, "break_even_cop": { "gas_furnace": 1.796, "gas_furnace_basic": 1.497, "gas_per_therm": 1.796, "propane_furnace": 1.403, "oil_furnace": null }, "call": { "gas_furnace": "heat_pump", "gas_furnace_basic": "heat_pump", "gas_per_therm": "heat_pump", "propane_furnace": "heat_pump", "oil_furnace": null }, "heat_pump_per_100_usd": { "gas_furnace": { "rated": 72.1, "at_5f": 88.0 }, "gas_furnace_basic": { "rated": 60.1, "at_5f": 73.4 }, "gas_per_therm": { "rated": 72.1, "at_5f": 88.0 }, "propane_furnace": { "rated": 56.3, "at_5f": 68.8 }, "oil_furnace": null, "electric_furnace": { "rated": 40.2, "at_5f": 49.0 } }, "climate": { "hdd": 3071.0, "share_below_cold_pct": 2.2, "share_below_very_cold_pct": 0.0, "days_below_very_cold": 0.0, "coldest_day_f": 10, "seasons": 10 }, "average_home": { "gas": { "fuel_mmbtu": 44.288, "fuel_therms": 442.9, "heat_mmbtu": 35.43, "current_usd": 885.98, "furnace_fuel_therms": 369.1, "furnace_usd": 738.35, "heat_pump_kwh": { "rated": 4170.0, "at_5f": 5090.0 }, "heat_pump_usd": { "rated": 532.51, "at_5f": 649.99 } }, "propane": { "fuel_mmbtu": 18.225, "fuel_gallons": 199.3, "heat_mmbtu": 14.58, "current_usd": 466.76, "furnace_fuel_gallons": 166.1, "furnace_usd": 389.01, "heat_pump_kwh": { "rated": 1716.0, "at_5f": 2095.0 }, "heat_pump_usd": { "rated": 219.13, "at_5f": 267.53 } }, "oil": null } }, "CA": { "code": "CA", "name": "California", "slug": "california", "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 32.99, "gas_usd_per_therm": 2.1536, "gas_estimated_usd_per_therm": null, "gas_basis": "calendar_year", "gas_period_label": "calendar year 2025", "winter": { "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 32.52, "electricity_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "gas_usd_per_therm": 2.2229, "gas_period_start": "2025-11", "gas_period_end": "2026-03", "gas_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "gas_basis": "last_winter", "gas_withheld_months": [] }, "gas_per_therm": { "usd_per_therm": 2.2229, "basis": "winter_average_fallback" }, "propane_usd_per_gallon": null, "heating_oil_usd_per_gallon": null, "usd_per_mmbtu_heat": { "gas_furnace": 23.16, "gas_furnace_basic": 27.79, "gas_per_therm": 23.16, "propane_furnace": null, "oil_furnace": null, "heat_pump_rated": 38.28, "heat_pump_at_5f": 46.72, "electric_furnace": 95.31 }, "break_even_cop": { "gas_furnace": 4.116, "gas_furnace_basic": 3.43, "gas_per_therm": 4.116, "propane_furnace": null, "oil_furnace": null }, "call": { "gas_furnace": "furnace", "gas_furnace_basic": "furnace", "gas_per_therm": "furnace", "propane_furnace": null, "oil_furnace": null }, "heat_pump_per_100_usd": { "gas_furnace": { "rated": 165.3, "at_5f": 201.8 }, "gas_furnace_basic": { "rated": 137.8, "at_5f": 168.1 }, "gas_per_therm": { "rated": 165.3, "at_5f": 201.8 }, "propane_furnace": null, "oil_furnace": null, "electric_furnace": { "rated": 40.2, "at_5f": 49.0 } }, "climate": { "hdd": 2464.0, "share_below_cold_pct": 0.0, "share_below_very_cold_pct": 0.0, "days_below_very_cold": 0.0, "coldest_day_f": 38, "seasons": 10 }, "average_home": { "gas": { "fuel_mmbtu": 17.602, "fuel_therms": 176.0, "heat_mmbtu": 14.082, "current_usd": 391.23, "furnace_fuel_therms": 146.7, "furnace_usd": 326.1, "heat_pump_kwh": { "rated": 1658.0, "at_5f": 2023.0 }, "heat_pump_usd": { "rated": 539.18, "at_5f": 657.88 } }, "propane": null, "oil": null } }, "CO": { "code": "CO", "name": "Colorado", "slug": "colorado", "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 16.55, "gas_usd_per_therm": 1.0868, "gas_estimated_usd_per_therm": 0.8583, "gas_basis": "trailing_12_months", "gas_period_label": "12 months to Jul 2026", "winter": { "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 16.48, "electricity_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "gas_usd_per_therm": 1.015, "gas_period_start": "2025-11", "gas_period_end": "2026-03", "gas_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "gas_basis": "last_winter", "gas_withheld_months": [] }, "gas_per_therm": { "usd_per_therm": 0.8583, "basis": "estimated_per_therm" }, "propane_usd_per_gallon": 2.223, "heating_oil_usd_per_gallon": null, "usd_per_mmbtu_heat": { "gas_furnace": 10.57, "gas_furnace_basic": 12.69, "gas_per_therm": 8.94, "propane_furnace": 25.32, "oil_furnace": null, "heat_pump_rated": 19.4, "heat_pump_at_5f": 23.68, "electric_furnace": 48.3 }, "break_even_cop": { "gas_furnace": 4.568, "gas_furnace_basic": 3.807, "gas_per_therm": 5.402, "propane_furnace": 1.908, "oil_furnace": null }, "call": { "gas_furnace": "furnace", "gas_furnace_basic": "furnace", "gas_per_therm": "furnace", "propane_furnace": "heat_pump", "oil_furnace": null }, "heat_pump_per_100_usd": { "gas_furnace": { "rated": 183.5, "at_5f": 223.9 }, "gas_furnace_basic": { "rated": 152.9, "at_5f": 186.6 }, "gas_per_therm": { "rated": 216.9, "at_5f": 264.8 }, "propane_furnace": { "rated": 76.6, "at_5f": 93.5 }, "oil_furnace": null, "electric_furnace": { "rated": 40.2, "at_5f": 49.0 } }, "climate": { "hdd": 6559.0, "share_below_cold_pct": 5.9, "share_below_very_cold_pct": 0.5, "days_below_very_cold": 0.5, "coldest_day_f": -1, "seasons": 10 }, "average_home": { "gas": { "fuel_mmbtu": 52.591, "fuel_therms": 525.9, "heat_mmbtu": 42.073, "current_usd": 533.79, "furnace_fuel_therms": 438.3, "furnace_usd": 444.87, "heat_pump_kwh": { "rated": 4952.0, "at_5f": 6045.0 }, "heat_pump_usd": { "rated": 816.09, "at_5f": 996.22 } }, "propane": { "fuel_mmbtu": 55.484, "fuel_gallons": 606.7, "heat_mmbtu": 44.387, "current_usd": 1348.69, "furnace_fuel_gallons": 505.6, "furnace_usd": 1123.95, "heat_pump_kwh": { "rated": 5225.0, "at_5f": 6377.0 }, "heat_pump_usd": { "rated": 861.08, "at_5f": 1050.93 } }, "oil": null } }, "CT": { "code": "CT", "name": "Connecticut", "slug": "connecticut", "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 27.99, "gas_usd_per_therm": 1.634, "gas_estimated_usd_per_therm": 1.4183, "gas_basis": "calendar_year", "gas_period_label": "calendar year 2024", "winter": { "electricity_cents_per_kwh": 28.31, "electricity_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "gas_usd_per_therm": 1.6938, "gas_period_start": "2025-11", "gas_period_end": "2026-03", "gas_period_label": "Nov 2025–Mar 2026", "gas_basis": "last_winter", 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